this patient is 60 years old.osteoporotic. she has pivd in c3,c6,c7.there is too much of tenderness over the scapular region. and supraspinatous region.what is her prognosis and treatment plan
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this patient is 60 years old.osteoporotic. she has pivd in c3,c6,c7.there is too much of tenderness over the scapular region. and supraspinatous region.what is her prognosis and treatment plan
:hat Hi there...
I am quite too strict with the use of abbreviations and always tell my students to keep away from using them to prevent a lot of querries. Of course there are those commonly used ones but what is PIVC?
i would love to help! Cheers!:hat
I think PIVD = prolasped intervertebral disc
Management of the Disc lesions involve a comprehensive treatment strategies following careful assessment of the patient and idetifying his needs.
Physical modalities:
They should be used to reduce pain only in the acute phase. Once past the acute phase, modalities are used sparingly on an as-needed basis.
Superficial heat modalities relax muscle and relieve soft tissue pain.
Conversely, deep-heating modalities (eg, ultrasound) should be avoided in acute cervicalradiculopathy since they augment inflammation and, consequently, exacerbate radicular pain and nerve root injury.
Traction:
Cervical traction may relieve radicular pain from nerve root compression. Traction does not improve soft tissue injury pain. Hot packs, massage, and/or electrical stimulation should be applied prior to traction to relieve pain and relax muscles.
Traction has effects of mechanical elongation of spine,
Continuous or prolonged traction is an effective mode of therapy. In it a static traction force is applied for several hours to several days usually in bed. Only small amount of weight is tolerable.
The effective force is influenced by the body position, weight of the part, friction of the treatment table, method of traction used and the equipment itself.
The traction regimens include heavy weight-intermittent or light weight-continuous. The neck is flexed 15-20° (ie, not extended) during traction. In the cervical spine, approximately 10 lb of force is necessary to counter gravity and 25 lb of force is necessary to achieve separation of the posterior vertebral segments. Generally for vertebral separation, in cervical spine, under friction free circumstances a force of approximately 7 percent of the total body weight separates the vertebrae. A minimum force of 11.25 to 13.5KG (25 to 30 lb) is necessary to lift the weight of head when sitting and to counteract the resistance of muscle tension. The greatest amount of separation occurs during the first few minutes of treatment at a given force. To avoid treatment soreness, the first treatment should not exceed 10 to 15 lb. Muscle relaxation can be achieved at levels less than those needed for mechanical separation (4.5 to 6.75KG, or 10 to 15 lb) in the cervical spine. Progression of dosage at succeeding treatment will depend upon the goals and patient reactions.
Light weight-continuous home traction is cost effective and provides the patient more autonomy.
Pneumatic traction devices afford greater patient comfort and, consequently, increased compliance.
See Cervical traction
Collars:
They can be worn during certain activities, such as sleeping or driving, for longer periods.
Although not used commonly, a Philadelphia collar can be worn at night to position the neck rigidly in flexion, thereby maintaining open foramina.
A soft cervical collar is recommended only for acute soft tissue neck injuries and for short periods of time (ie, not to exceed 3-4 days' continuous use). Risks include limiting cervical ROM and losing neck strength if the collar is worn continuously for longer periods.
When worn for radiculopathy caused by foraminal stenosis, the wide part of the collar is placed posteriorly and the thin part anteriorly to promote neck flexion, discourage extension, and open the intervertebral foramina.
See Cervical Collars
Spinal manipulation and mobilization:
It may restore normal ROM and decrease pain; however, no clear therapeutic mechanism of action is known. Some believe that zygapophysial joint adjustment improves afferent signals from mechanoreceptors to peripheral and central nervous systems.
Normalization of afferent impulses improves muscle tone, decreases muscle guarding, and promotes more effective local tissue metabolism. These physiologic modifications subsequently improve ROM and pain reduction.
No evidence exists that manipulation confers long-term benefit, improves chronic conditions, or alters the natural course of the disorder.
Spinal manipulation: Its safety is uncertain
Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity.
Influence of a cervical mobilization technique on respiratory and cardiovascular function.
Cervicothoracic stabilization:
It limits pain, maximizes function, and prevents further injury. Such stabilization includes cervical spine flexibility, postural training, and strengthening. This program emphasizes patient responsibility through active participation.
Restoring flexibility prevents further repetitive microtrauma from poor movement patterning. Pain-free ROM is determined by placing the cervical spine in positions that produce and relieve symptoms. Initially, stabilization commences within established pain-free ROM and then progresses outside this ROM as pain diminishes. Soft tissue or joint restriction inhibiting ROM is treated quickly. Anterior and posterior neck muscles are stretched. Indeed, such spine and soft tissue mobilization, passive ROM, self-stretching, and correct posturing collectively restore ROM.
Postural training commences with the patient, supervised by a therapist, in front of a mirror. The patient performs various transfer maneuvers while maintaining a neutral spine (ie, correct posturing) with feedback from the mirror and the therapist. Patient goals include maintenance of neutral spine and demonstrating correct posture during daily activities.
These proprioceptive skills, implemented during strengthening exercises, facilitate stable, safe, and pain-free cervical posture during strenuous activity. Indeed, cervicothoracic stabilization requires strengthening and coordination of neck, shoulder, and scapular muscles. Cervical muscles include extensors, flexors, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis. Primary thoracic stabilizers include abdominals, lumbar paraspinal extensors, and latissimus dorsi. Scapular muscles include the middle and lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and rhomboids. Chest muscles include the pectoralis major and minor. Successful stabilization also requires the training of the lumbar spine and lower extremities, which provide a foundation for the cervicothoracic spine.
Stabilization exercises proceed systematically from simple to complex. Isometric and isotonic resistive exercises employ elastic bands, weight machines, and free weights. Such conditioning distributes forces away from the cervical spine. Exercise repetition ultimately encodes an engram that commands immediate, automatic cervicothoracic stabilization during everyday activity.
Neuro Moblizations:
Butler's therapy techniques treat radicular symptoms by mobilizing the involved nerve. First, the therapist identifies "adverse neural tension," defined as pathological mechanical and physiological responses elicited from a nerve when its stretch properties and ROM are evaluated. Specifically, the therapist performs neurodynamic testing to evaluate a nerve's mechanical properties (eg, its mobilization around neighboring intervertebral discs) and physiological characteristics (eg, its response to ischemia, inflammation). Having tested the nerve in question, the therapist then may institute treatment consisting initially of passive mobilization to provide CNS input without inciting a stress response and neurogenic massage to reduce perineural swelling. Later, the therapist progresses to active neuromobilization because, according to Butler, recovering nervous tissue (like other connective tissue) requires movement to promote healing and restoration of optimum mechanical properties.
Limited evidence suggests that neurodynamic mobilization improves clinical outcomes. However, optimizing tissue health and cardiovascular fitness, as well as minimizing negative beliefs and environmental factors, can be beneficial.
Functional Restoration:
Functional restoration programs assist patients disabled by chronic cervical pain overcome obstacles to recovery. Such obstacles include deconditioning, secondary gain, poor motivation, and psychopathology
The McKenzie system:
The McKenzie system identifies 3 mechanical syndromes that cause pain and compromise function. The postural syndrome provokes pain when normal soft tissues are loaded statically at end range of motion (ROM); pathology need not be present. Treatment aims to correct posture. The dysfunction syndrome produces pain when the patient, upon attempting full movement, mechanically deforms contracted scarred soft tissue. Consequently, therapy involves stretching and remodeling of such contracted tissue. The derangement syndrome produces intermittent pain when certain movements or postures occur. Specifically, pain may become centralized or peripheralized because of theoretical activity-dependent displacement of intradiscal material. Therapy attempts to correct derangement by promoting activity that centralizes pain.
The McKenzie theory recognizes that, although patients may demonstrate similar signs and symptoms, one movement (eg, cervical extension) nevertheless may help some patients and aggravate symptoms in others. Indeed, McKenzie therapy does not use only extension-biased exercise. Consequently, treatment individualization and patient education play key roles. See McKenzie Method
Aerobic Connditioning:
It also plays a role in reduction of Pain.
sorry...How can a disk prolapse if at age of 60 the nucleus does not exist anymore ? Please let me know...
It is unusual that a 60 year old would have a "fresh" disc lesion as you are correct in assuming quite a bit of dessication would have already occured. This does not stop the actual disc itself from becoming painful. The scapular tenderness might well indicate the upper C4 region as a possible cause of the current issue. Remember most of us would have these disc lesions if
I agree with the simple comment that careful examinationis required to try to implicate the focal point of the problem. In an osteoporotic client the "good news" is that the joints should stabilise and partially fuse overtime and this should burn out. This could however lead to excess bone growth and narrowing of the exit foramen. Perhaps treat this as an inflammatory condition as a first step while you investigate further. You investigation is likely to aggravate the symptoms so following it up with something to minimise the irritation would be nice.
Long term considerations would be to look at the amount of thoracic kyphosis and maintainance of the upper lumbar lordosis. With this type of client you need to be gentle and progressive and need to educate them as to the importance of maintain at lease what posture they still have to prevent futher compression of the mid cervical spine as a result of increased thoracic kyphosis.
DO mose more careful examination and tell us what you find :)