Assistance with contraindications

hello ,,
I need your help,,
I would like to know why the following conditions are considerd as contraindication for postural drainage?
-

oseizures
spinal cord lesion

Subcutaneous emphysema
oTrauma, burns or recent surgery to the head or neck
Hypertension

thank you,,

I found the very extensive guideline on the following website: Postural Drainage Therapy

I have made a copy of it here and you should go to the above website should you require more information.It is from 1991 and so may have been updated however this provides a useful overview about the considerations. It would be great if any cardiorespiratory physiotherapy leaders were to comment on any of the information below and make additions and exclusions based on the current research and clinical evidence.

Reprinted from the December 1991 issue of RESPIRATORY CARE [Respir Care 1991;36(12):1418–1426]

AARC Clinical Practice Guideline

Postural Drainage Therapy

PDT 1.0 PROCEDURE:
Postural drainage therapy (PDT) is a component of bronchial hygiene therapy. It consists of postural drainage, positioning, and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and/or vibration.
Cough or airway clearance techniques are essential components of therapy when postural drainage is intended to mobilize secretions.(1-6) Postural drainage therapy is often used in conjunction with aerosol administration and other respiratory care procedures.
This procedure has been commonly referred to as(7-12)

chest physiotherapy,
chest physical therapy,
postural drainage and percussion, and
percussion and vibration.

PDT 2.0 DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION:
Postural drainage therapy is designed to improve the mobilization of bronchial secretions(2,4,5,8-10,13-18) and the matching of ventilation and perfusion,(19-23) and to normalize functional residual capacity (FRC)(17,24-30) based on the effects of gravity and external manipulation of the thorax. This includes turning, postural drainage, percussion, vibration, and cough.
2.1 TurningTurning is the rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis to promote unilateral or bilateral lung expansion(19,22) and improve arterial oxygenation.(19-21,31) Regular turning can be to either side or the prone position,(32) with the bed at any degree of inclination (as indicated and tolerated). Patients may turn themselves or they may turned by the caregiver or by a special bed or device.(21,22,33-35)2.2 Postural DrainagePostural drainage is the drainage of secretions, by the effect of gravity, from one or more lung segments to the central airways (where they can be removed by cough or mechanical aspiration).(2,4,5,11,13,15-18,26,29,36,37) Each position consists of placing the target lung segment(s) superior to the carina. Positions should generally be held for 3 to 15 minutes (longer in special situations).(4,6,13,16,18,20,29,38-40) Standard positions are modified as the patient's condition and tolerance warrant.
2.3 External Manipulation of the Thorax 2.3.1 PercussionPercussion is also referred to as cupping, clapping, and tapotement. The purpose of percussion is to intermittently apply kinetic energy to the chest wall and lung. This is accomplished by rhythmically striking the thorax with cupped hand or mechanical device directly over the lung segment(s) being drained. No convincing evidence demonstrates the superiority of one method over the other.(4,18,41-44)2.3.2 VibrationVibration involves the application of a fine tremorous action (manually performed by pressing in the direction that the ribs and soft tissue of the chest move during expiration) over the draining area. No conclusive evidence supports the efficacy of vibration, the superiority of either manual or mechanical methods, or an optimum frequency.(2,4,13,27,28,30,36,38,39,45-47)PDT 3.0 SETTING:
Although PDT can be used with neonates, infants, childrens, and adults, this Guideline applies primarily to older children and adults. PDT can be performed in a wide variety of settings. 3.1 Critical care3.2 In-patient acute care3.3 Extended care and skilled nursing facility care3.4 Home care3.5 Outpatient/ambulatory care3.6 Pulmonary diagnostic (bronchoscopy) laboratory

PDT 4.0 INDICATIONS:
4.1 Turning 4.1.1 inability or reluctance of patient to change body position. (eg, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular disease, drug-induced paralysis)4.1.2 poor oxygenation associated with position(20,22,48-50) (eg, unilateral lung disease)4.1.3 potential for or presence of atelectasis(24,26,30)4.1.4 presence of artificial airway 4.2 Postural Drainage 4.2.1 evidence or suggestion of difficulty with secretion clearance 4.2.1.1 difficulty clearing secretions with expectorated sputum production greater than 25-30 mL/day (adult)(3,7,9,11,12,27,38,40, 46,51-53)4.2.1.2 evidence or suggestion of re-tained secretions in the presence of an artificial airway 4.2.2 presence of atelectasis caused by or suspected of being caused by mucus plugging(24,26,29,30,54)4.2.3 diagnosis of diseases such as cystic fibrosis,(1,5,6,13-15,18,36,55) bronchiectasis,(4,5,14) or cavitating lung disease4.2.4 presence of foreign body in airway(56-58) 4.3 External Manipulation of the Thorax 4.3.1 sputum volume or consistency suggesting a need for additional manipulation (eg, percussion and/or vibration) to assist movement of secretions by gravity, in a patient receiving postural drainage

PDT 5.0 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
The decision to use postural drainage therapy requires assessment of potential benefits versus potential risks. Therapy should be provided for no longer than necessary to obtain the desired therapeutic results. Listed contraindications are relative unless marked as absolute (A). 5.1 Positioning 5.1.1 All positions are contraindicated for 5.1.1.1 intracranial pressure (ICP) > 20 mm Hg(59,60)5.1.1.2 head and neck injury until stabilized (A)5.1.1.3 active hemorrhage with hemodynamic instability (A)5.1.1.4 recent spinal surgery (eg, laminectomy) or acute spinal injury5.1.1.5 acute spinal injury or active hemoptysis5.1.1.6 empyema5.1.1.7 bronchopleural fistula5.1.1.8 pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart failure5.1.1.9 large pleural effusions5.1.1.10 pulmonary embolism5.1.1.11 aged, confused, or anxious patients who do not tolerate position changes5.1.1.12 rib fracture, with or without flail chest5.1.1.13 surgical wound or healing tissue 5.1.2 Trendelenburg position is contraindicated for 5.1.2.1 intracranial pressure (ICP) > 20 mm Hg(59,60)5.1.2.2 patients in whom increased intracranial pressure is to be avoided (eg, neurosurgery, aneurysms, eye surgery)5.1.2.3 uncontrolled hypertension5.1.2.4 distended abdome5.1.2.5 esophageal surgerY5.1.2.6 recent gross hemoptysis re-lated to recent lung carcinoma treated surgically or with radiation therapy(59)5.1.2.7 uncontrolled airway at risk for aspiration (tube feeding or recent meal) 5.1.3 Reverse Trendelenburg is contraindicated in the presence of hypotension or vasoactive medication 5.2 External Manipulation of the ThoraxIn addition to contraindications previously listed 5.2.1subcutaneous emphysema5.2.2 recent epidural spinal infusion or spinal anesthesia5.2.3 recent skin grafts, or flaps, on the thorax5.2.4 burns, open wounds, and skin infections of the thorax5.2.5 recently placed transvenous pacemaker or subcutaneous pacemaker (particularly if mechanical devices are to be used)5.2.6 suspected pulmonary tuberculosis5.2.7 lung contusion5.2.8 bronchospasm5.2.9 osteomyelitis of the ribs5.2.10 osteoporosis5.2.11 coagulopathy5.2.12 complaint of chest-wall pain

PDT 6.0 HAZARDS/COMPLICATIONS:
6.1 HypoxemiaAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Administer higher oxygen concentrations during procedure if potential for or observed hypoxemia exists. If patient becomes hypoxemic during treatment, administer 100% oxygen, stop therapy immediately, return patient to original resting position, and consult physician. Ensure adequate ventilation. Hypoxemia during postural drainage may be avoided in unilateral lung disease by placing the involved lung up-permost with patient on his or her side.(20,22,48-50)6.2 Increased Intracranial PressureAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, return patient to original resting position, and consult physician.6.3 Acute Hypotension during ProcedureAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, return patient to original resting position, and consult physician.6.4 Pulmonary HemorrhageAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, return patient to original resting position, call physician immediately. Administer oxygen and maintain an airway untilphysician responds.6.5 Pain or Injury to Muscles, Ribs, or SpineAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy that appears directly associated with pain or problem, exercise care in moving patient, and consult physician.
6.6 Vomiting and AspirationAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, clear airway and suction as needed, administer oxygen, maintain airway, return patient to previous resting position, and contact physician immediately.6.7 BronchospasmAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, return patient to previous resting position, administer or increase oxygen delivery while contacting physician. Administer physician-ordered bronchodilators.6.8 DysrhythmiasAction To Be Taken/Possible Intervention: Stop therapy, return patient to previous resting position, administer or increase oxygen delivery while contacting physician.

PDT 7.0 LIMITATIONS OF METHOD:
7.1 Presumed effectiveness of PDT and its application may be based more on tradition and anecdotal report than on scientific evidence. The procedure has been used excessively and in patients in whom it is not indicated.(11,40,61-63)7.2 Airway clearance may be less than optimal in patients with ineffective cough.7.3 Optimal positioning is difficult in critically ill patients.

PDT 8.0 ASSESSMENT OF NEED:
The following should be assessed together to establish a need for postural drainage therapy 8.1 excessive sputum production8.2 effectiveness of cough8.3 history of pulmonary problems treated successfully with PDT (eg, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, lung abscess)8.4 decreased breath sounds or crackles or rhonchi suggesting secretions in the airway8.5 change in vital signs8.6 Abnormal chest x-ray consistent with atelectasis, mucus plugging, or infiltrates8.7 deterioration in arterial blood gas values or oxygen saturation PDT 9.0 ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME:
These represent individual criteria that indicate a positive response to therapy (and support continuation of therapy). Not all criteria are required to justify continuation of therapy (eg, a ventilated patient may not have sputum production > 30 mL/day, but have improvement in breath sounds, chest x-ray, or increased compliance or decreased resistance). 9.1 Change in sputum productionIf sputum production in an optimally hydrated patient is less than 25 mL/day with PDT the procedure is not justified.(3,5,7,9,11,12,38,40,46,51-53) Some patients have productive coughs with sputum production from 15 to 30 mL/day (occasionally as high as 70 or 100 mL/day) without postural drainage. If postural drainage does not increase sputum in a patient who produces > 30 mL/day of sputum without postural drainage, the continuation of the therapy is not indicated. Because sputum production is affected by systemic hydration, apparently ineffective PDT probably should be continued for at least 24 hours after optimal hydration has been judged to be present.
9.2 Change in breath sounds of lung fields being drainedWith effective therapy, breath sounds may 'worsen' following the therapy as secretions move into the larger airways and increase rhonchi. An increase in adventitious breath sounds can be a marked improvement over absent or diminished breath sounds. Note any effect that coughing may have on breath sounds. One of the favorable effects of coughing is clearing of adventitious breath sounds.9.3 Patient subjective response to therapyThe caregiver should ask patient how he or she feels before, during, and after therapy. Feelings of pain, discomfort, shortness of breath, dizziness, and nausea should be considered in decisions to modify or stop therapy. Easier clearance of secretions and increased volume of secretions during and after treatments support continuation.9.4 Change in vital signsModerate changes in respiratory rate and/or pulse rate are expected. Bradycardia, tachycardia, or an increase in irregularity of pulse, or fall or dramatic increase in blood pressure are indications for stopping therapy.9.5 Change in chest x-rayResolution or improvement of atelectasis may be slow or dramatic.9.6 Change in arterial blood gas values or oxygen saturationOxygenation should improve as atelectasis resolves.9.7 Change in ventilator variablesResolution of atelectasis and plugging reduces resistance and increases compliance.

PDT 10.0 RESOURCES:
10.1 Equipment 10.1.1 bed or table that can be adjusted for a range of positions from Trendelen-burg to Reverse Trendelenburg position10.1.2 pillows for supporting patient10.1.3 light towel for covering area of chest during percussion10.1.4 tissues and/or basin for collecting expectorated sputum10.1.5 suction equipment for patients unable to clear secretion10.1.6 gloves, goggles, gown, and mask as indicated for caregiver protection10.1.7 optional: hand-held and mechanical percussor or vibrator10.1.8 oxygen delivery device10.1.9 recent chest x-ray, if available10.1.10 stethoscope for auscultation 10.2 PersonnelA spectrum of education and skill levels is required for personnel who administer postural drainage therapy. Different clinical situations warrant the degree of training necessary to provide optimal respiratory care. 10.2.1. The Level I care provider who provides routine maintenance therapy to the stable patient should possess the following skills and knowledge 10.2.1.1 proper technique for administration of PDT10.2.1.2 proper use of equipment10.2.1.3 breathing patterns and cough techniques10.2.1.4 technique modification in re-sponse to adverse reactions10.2.1.5 position or frequency modification in response to severity of symptoms10.2.1.6 ability to assess patient condition and patient response to therapy including physical exam (auscultation and vital signs) and tests of expiratory flow or ventilator mechanics10.2.1.7 ability to recognize and respond to adverse reactions to and complications of procedure10.2.1.8 understanding of and compliance with Universal Precautions 10.2.2 For initial assessments and care of the unstable patient, the Level II care provider should possess 10.2.2.1 knowledge of proper use and limitations of equipment10.2.2.2 ability to assess patient condition and patient response to therapy10.2.2.3 ability to perform physical exam auscultation and vital signs10.2.2.4 knowledge of effects of gravity and body position on ventilation, perfusion, and sputum mobilization10.2.2.5 knowledge of procedures, indications, contraindications, and hazards for turning10.2.2.6 knowledge of standard drainage positions, techniques for percussion and vibration, segmental and airway anatomy10.2.2.7 ability to teach diaphragmatic breathing, relaxation, huff cough, forced expiration technique (FET), suctioning10.2.2.8 ability to monitor effects and patient response to changes in position and other postural drainage therapy techniques10.2.2.9 understanding of and ability to comply with Universal Precautions and infection control issues related to cleaning and maintaining equipment10.2.2.10 ability to instruct patient/family/caregiver in goals of therapy and proper technique for administration of PDT and associated therapies10.2.2.11 knowledge of proper use of equipment, including suction if re-quired10.2.2.12 ability to prepare, measure, and mix medications if required10.2.2.13 ability to clean equipment10.2.2.14 knowledge of breathing patterns and cough techniques10.2.2.15 abilty to modify techniques in response to adverse reactions10.2.2.16 ability to modify dosage or frequency in response to severity of symptoms 10.2.3 The subject providing self administration of postural drainage should possess knowledge and skills related to 10.2.3.1 proper technique for administration10.2.3.2 proper use of equipment10.2.3.3 breathing patterns and cough techniques10.2.3.4 technique modification in re-sponse to adverse reactions10.2.3.5 position or frequency modification in response to severity of symptoms

PDT 11.0 MONITORING:
The following should be chosen as appropriate for monitoring a patient's response to postural drainage therapy, before, during, and after therapy. 11.1 Subjective response--pain, discomfort, dyspnea, response to therapy11.2 Pulse rate, dysrhythmia, and EKG if available11.3 Breathing pattern and rate, symmetrical chest expansion, synchronous thoracoabdom-inal movement, flail chest11.4 Sputum production (quantity, color, consistency, odor) and cough effectiveness11.5 Mental function11.6 Skin color11.7 Breath sounds11.8 blood pressure11.9 oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (if hypoxemia is suspected)11.10 intracranial pressure (ICP)

PDT 12.0 FREQUENCY:
The frequencies suggested are recommendations from group experience and apply to patients in whom the therapy is indicated. Careful assessment and prudent clinical judgment must be exercised by the caregiver.
12.1 TurningVentilated and critically ill patients: as necessary with goal of once each hour or every other hour as tolerated, around the clock. Less acute patients should be turned every 2 hours as tolerated.12.2 Postural Drainage Therapy 12.2.1 In critical care patients, including those on mechanical ventilation, PDT should be performed from every 4 to every 6 hours as indicated. PDT order should be re-evaluated at least every 48 hours based on assessments from individual treatments.12.2.2 In spontaneously breathing pa-tients, frequency should be determined by assessing patient response to therapy.12.2.3 Acute care patient orders should be re-evaluated based on patient response to therapy at least every 72 hours or with change of patient status.12.2.4 Domiciliary patients should be re-evaluated every 3 months and with change of status.

PDT 13.0 INFECTION CONTROL:
13.1 Implement Universal Precautions.(64)13.2 Observe all infection control guidelines posted for patient.13.3 Disinfect all equipment used between patients. Bronchial Hygiene Guidelines Committee: Lana Hilling RCP CRTT, Chairman,Concord CA
Eric Bakow RRT, Pittsburg PA
Jim Fink RCP RRT, San Francisco CA
Chris Kelly BS RRT, Oakland CA
Dennis Sobush MA PT, Milwaukee WI
Peter A Southorn MD, Rochester MN

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King M, Phillips DM, Gross D, Vartian V, Changhk Eidulka A, et al. Enhanced tracheal mucus clearance with high frequency chest wall compression. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:511-515.
Mazzocco M, Kirilloff L, Owens G, Rogers R. Physiologic effects of chest percussion and postural drainage in patients with bronchiectasis (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129 (4, Part 2):A52.
Torrington KG, Sorenson DE, Sherwood LM. Postoperative chest percussion with postural drainage in obese patients following gastric stapling. Chest 1984;86:891-895.
King M, Phillips DM, Zidulka A, Chang HK. Tracheal mucus clearance in high-frequency oscillation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:703-706.
Rivington-Law BA, Epstein SW, Thompson GL, et al. Effect of chest wall vibrations on pulmonary function in chronic bronchitis. Chest 1984;85(3):378-381.
Britton S, Bejstedt M, Vedin L. Chest physiotherapy in primary pneumonia. Br Med J 1985;290:1703-1704.
Mackenzie CF, Shin B. Cardiorespiratory function before and after chest physiotherapy in mechanically ventilated patients with post-traumatic respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1985;13:483-486.
McDonnell T, McNicholas WT, Fitzgerald MX. Hypoxemia during chest physiotherapy in patients with septic fibrosis. Ir J Med Sci 1986;155:345-348.
Johnson NT, Marini JJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD. Acute lobar atelectasis: effect of chest percussion and postural drainage (CPPL) on resolution (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135(4, Part 2):433.
Biddle CJ, Holland MS, Schreiber TR, Mathewson HS. Prevention of hypoxemia in good risk patients during postoperative transport by positioning and deep breathing. Respir Care 1987;32(1):24-28.
Bozynski MEA, Naglie RA, Nicks JJ, Burpee B, Johnson RV. Lateral positioning of the stable ventilated very low birth weight infant. AJDC 1988;142:200-202.
Kaminska TM, Pearson SB. A comparison of postural drainage and positive expiratory pressure in the domiciliary management of patients with chronic bronchial sepsis. Physiotherapy 1988;74(5):251-254.
Prasad A, Tasker R. Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of critically ill children with acutely raised intracranial pressure. Physiotherapy 1990;76(4):248-250
Ersson U, Carlson H, Mellström A, Ponten U, Hedstrand U, Jakobsson S. Observation on intracranial dynamics during respiratory physiotherapy in unconscious neurosurgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:99-103.

Interested persons may copy these Guidelines for noncommercial purposes of scientific or educational advancement. Please credit AARC and Respiratory Care Journal.

Reprinted from the December 1991 issue of RESPIRATORY CARE [Respir Care 1991;36(12):1418–1426]

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